Battle Royal Essays

Fight Royal Essays Fight Royal Essay Fight Royal Essay â€Å"Battle Royal† by Ralph Ellison is the anecdote about youthful African-American man who needs to substantiate himself in White prevailing society 1920s. Fight illustrious is one of the primary images that show difficulty the storyteller needed to experience to convey his discourse and that white individuals are in charge. His battle goes past the character and speaks to the battles of all African-American individuals in quest for equivalent treatment. Fight illustrious shows control White individuals have over African-Americans. Storyteller came to give a discourse however first he was requested to take an interest in the battle with his individual schoolmates. Despite the fact that the storyteller has some â€Å"misgivings over the fight royal† (279), he doesn’t fight. â€Å"There was nothing to do except for what we were told† (280). Blacks are free individuals by law, still they keep on getting enslavementary treatment. White men are in charge of everything African-Americans want: balance, cash, employments. â€Å"Everybody battled every other person. No gathering battled together for long†(281). A similar way African-Americans didn’t help out one another to battle against White force. They were going up against one another, looking for Whites reliability. They trusted that the best servers would get overabundance to cash and status. Blindfold added disarray and tension to the battle. â€Å"I could no longer control my feelings. I had no respect. I staggered about like an infant or a plastered man† (281). Young men can’t foresee from what side they will get hit. They can’t facilitate their activities since they don’t have the information on their environmental factors. African-Americans were looking for uniformity however huge numbers of them were blindfolded likewise: they didn’t realize who to battle or how. During the battle, storytellers blindfold turns out to be free. He picks up the information on the environmental factors and can all the more likely control his activities. It gives him bit of leeway to different young men. The equivalent happens when he gets the grant. Training was accessible chiefly to white individuals. It puts storyteller one bit nearer to their level. It gives him trust that one day he can be equivalent. Fight Royal shows control white individuals had over Black individuals and the battles of African-Americans in their quest for uniformity. Grant gives the storyteller, who is illustrative of African-American culture, trust that one day he can get equivalent to white man.

Examinations exert a pernicious influence on education Essay Example For Students

Assessments apply a malicious effect on instruction Essay Assessment is a structure/methods for testing a people capacity to act in a specific subject which might be scholarly or non-scholastic. Malignant methods something which is hurtful or has destructive impacts. Instruction is anything an individual gains from the time he is destined to the time he bites the dust. This incorporates all scholastic and non-scholarly subjects which might be fortunate or unfortunate. Having characterized the watchwords, the bases of the contention has been shaped and now let us start by talking about the geniuses of the theme. The understudy showing up for the test takes it under extraordinary strain and weight since he realizes that he has just one opportunity to demonstrate his value and in the event that he falls flat, he will be deserted for an amazing remainder. Obviously he can re-take the test following a time of a year or something like that however since he had bombed it once, it wouldnt be the equivalent. His energy of examining would have been broken and his disappointment would fill in as a disheartening element. Accordingly he would most likely show a more terrible exhibition the subsequent time and wind up losing a year. The other point for the theme is that the understudy might be acceptable at the subject itself however may not be a decent examinee since he will be unable to endeavor completely the inquiry in the set timespan. This may not allow to the understudy to communicate completely and in a thorough way, his assessments and perspectives. Take the case of this paper. In the event that I were given this paper in the assessment, I will most likely be unable to clarify every single point appropriately in view of the restricted time I would have been distributed. Let us presently make a supposition that the understudy can complete the inquiry in the designated time. Be that as it may, his penmanship is hard to comprehend and his paper is loaded up with scribblings towards the end. The understudy has no information on the inspector nor of his temperament/perspective at the hour of checking. All in all, what occurs if the inspector is feeling disappointed? As a matter of first importance, his temper develops as he gazes at the messy paper lying before him. At that point he takes a full breath and starts perusing the paper. When he wraps up the principal section he can take nothing else of the horrible composition and experiences the remainder of the paper perusing a couple of sentences to a great extent. At the point when he reaches as far as possible of the paper, his psyche contains looks at what the understudy has composed and gives checks in like manner which are ten-to-one exceptionally low. This outcomes in the understudy getting a poor quality and his future is totally or to an enormous degree demolished. Aside from this the last not many papers checked by the analyst as a rule acquire aâ low grade in light of the fact that at that point the inspector is exhausted checking papers and furthermore by the redundancy of focuses. At the point when an understudy realizes that he needs to read for a specific assessment and follow a set prospectus, his methodology towards that subject is limited. This limits his insight into the subject despite the fact that he might want to contemplate it from a more extensive viewpoint. The component of time restrains the understudies answer to memory as opposed to examination. Since the current time is amazingly short, the understudy thinks that its difficult to sort out all the focuses. In this manner, he clarifies all the focuses that are in his psyche in an arbitrary request which ruins the progression of the appropriate response and furthermore drives the understudy to committing a ton of errors, a large portion of which he could have in any case maintained a strategic distance from. Likewise, this leaves the understudy with next to zero time to check his paper for spelling and accentuation blunders. .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed , .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed .postImageUrl , .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed , .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed:hover , .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed:visited , .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed:active { border:0!important; } .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed:active , .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed:hover { darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u00157c0ab9fd 7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u00157c0ab9fd7a9bddd3bc02f6fcdeed:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Do you swear EssayWhat occurs on the off chance that you are a brilliant understudy however are wiped out upon the arrival of the assessment or are feeling the squeeze outer to the assessment? Imagine a scenario in which your answer is one-sided or preference and clashes with the sentiments and perspectives on the analyst. In such cases, understudies get low evaluations despite the fact that its not their issue and they can't help in any capacity. They accordingly need to languish over a mind-blowing remainder. Let us presently analyze the cons of the theme. The most significant con of the point might be that it gives a base to individuals having a place with all classes of the general public to show their value. What's more, in the event that the general public did not depend on the rank framework, at that point individuals from the low classes would have the option to get high posts and go far throughout everyday life on the off chance that they perform well in the assessment. Along these lines they would have the option to accomplish all that they had so far just longed for. Assessments can be taken as a trial of an understudies information about a specific subject which would tell the understudy where he remains among others, and the amount he knows and the amount he should know. For example we as a whole realize that we need to perform deeds of goodness in this world so as to achieve salvation in the following period of life, yet what number of us play out this obligation? Ultimately, assessments can be considered as a standard of estimating how solid an understudy comes out under extraordinary conditions. In the end, I might want to give my own perspectives on the theme. As I would see it, assessments don't affect training in such a case that ideal, the understudy may gather additional data regarding the matter through research however he doesn't really need to actualize it in his answers. Likewise, since all the understudies taking the assessment are decided on a similar material, it gives a strong base to making a decision about an understudies capacity to act in a specific subject or calling.

How to Write a Research Paper Online For Free

How to Write a Research Paper Online For FreeWriting a research paper online for free is not always easy. You have to take extra care and due diligence when writing a research paper online for free. It will help if you can find some expert advice in the process.You will be able to accomplish your goal of writing a research paper online for free by following some guidelines, tips and ideas that will help you write a research paper online for free without losing out on your intended goal. You will be able to write the best research paper if you do some work ahead of time so that you are prepared for it when you are ready to start writing.Before you can start to write a research paper online for free, you will need to know what you are going to write. You have to consider the points that you would like to cover in your paper. These points may include: what are the things that you have learned from the topic; what is the exact study you are doing; and what specific findings have been rea ched from the study.The idea behind writing a research paper online for free is to get people to read your paper. Your research paper will be recognized by those who read it as a good and useful research paper. However, you will also want to try to make it as easy as possible for them to read it. You should only use bold font in the information that you want them to read.Make sure that you also have enough information to go around. You do not want to be bogged down by too much information. Also, make sure that you divide your information into the points that you want the reader to focus on.Be sure that you have not run out of ideas. You can always take what you have written and write something new. Just remember that you will still have the benefit of your original point of view. This will give you an added point of view to write on in your paper.Make sure that you find out what different results other people are getting. Find out how others have used in your research paper to write their own. This can be very useful in helping you to write a research paper online for free that others will find useful.With these tips in mind, you can begin writing a research paper online for free. It is important that you take your time so that you can reach your goals. This way, you will be writing the perfect research paper that will be recognized by your peers and by the people who will read it.

The Gap Between Rich And Poor - 2458 Words

The focus of the research is on the gap between rich and poor in the United States. Especially in income inequality, how the shares are distributed among families and in what ways are the poor affected. Also, to show how the gap between the rich and poor alternated throughout the years. The gap between them is expected to increase resulting in serious threat. This is because the poor are dealing with weak health, negative energy, unwilling to work and a higher proportion of bad behavior since they don’t have hope. Since their voice is not heard, the United States will lose a lot of talents and skills of those young poor people who lack the ability to reach their voice. Also, as the gap between the two increases, middle class people will also get affected. The middle class will be considered from the poor because the rich’s wealth will increase and their income will decrease. Background and focus of the research: According to (Leonard, 2010) state of the world 2004 report shows that world’s richest population, which is 20 percent of the world population is accountable for 76.6 percent of the total of private consumption. Middle class people who are 60 percent of the world’s population are using 21.9 percent of worlds private consumption. Also, the world’s poorest class is approximately 20 percent of world’s population. They are using 1.5 percent of worlds private consumption. (Leonard, 2010) The gap between rich and poor people shows inequality between them.Show MoreRelatedThe Gap Between Rich And Poor1262 Words   |  6 PagesDown Easy and Up Hard Continuously, both poor and rich people will always exist. Rich people are mostly born from wealthy families. The more they work, the richer they get. Furthermore, the less rich people work, it can be a source of downfall to their economic stability. As for poor people, it can be a tough situation for them to acquire a higher professional position. In regards people, they need to work extremely hard to get to the middle class and then perhaps to a higher class. It is saidRead MoreThe Gap Between The Poor And The Rich849 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article named â€Å"wealth† written in 1889,the author, Andrew Carnegie stated his opinion on the widening gap between the poor and the rich. In the late 19th century, the conflict between different social classes is getting worsen. â€Å"The problem of our age is the proper administration of wealth, so that the ties of brotherhood may still bind together the rich and poor in harmonious relationship. † 1. People consider th is difference as unfair and should be criticised. However, Mr Carnegie believeRead MoreThe Gap Between The Rich And The Poor900 Words   |  4 Pages cite the gap between the rich and the poor as a very big problem. And notably, it is the leading economic concern in the eyes of people in major economies such as China and Germany, at 42 and 39 percent, respectively, according to the new Pew Research survey. A global median of 29 percent say their government’s actions are to blame for inequality, making it the leading cause cited. People in advanced economies, in particular, believe that their governments are responsible for the rich getting richerRead MoreThe Gap Between The Rich And The Poor1575 Words   |  7 Pagesis an issue not foreign to the American people. The gap between the rich and the poor has irrefutably increased over the past five decades and continues to grow to massive extents. It is not the presence of this imbalance that is in question, but rather whether or not this imbalance hinders the average, working American’s chance at upward mobility. This is a prevalent topic among society today because the wealth gap between the rich and the poor could essentially have detrimental effects on our economyRead MoreThe Gap Between Rich And Poor Essay2102 Words   |  9 PagesCEO of Mckinsey Social Initiative, Helene D. Gayle, once said The difference between rich and poor is becoming more extreme, and as income inequality widens the wealth gap in major nations, education, health and social mobility are all threatened. This difference between rich and poor referred to by Dr. Gayle is becoming more and more apparent in many cities across America. One way to analyze this divide between the upper/middle class and the lower class is by examining the use of public spaceRead MoreThe Gap Between The Rich And Poor Essay1839 Words   |  8 PagesI was born and brought up in Nairobi, Kenya. Demographically, my family was typically part of Kenyaâ €™s urban poor. As a young boy, I was constantly confronted by the realities and debilitating impact of poverty. At the age of twelve, I was transferred from a Nairobi-based primary school to a boarding primary school in rural Kenya where I eventually excelled and emerged the best in the district during national examinations, earning me admission to one of the best high schools in the country. WhileRead MoreThe Gap Between Rich And Poor1760 Words   |  8 Pages Advancement in technology has contributed to increase and develop Globalization around the world. It cannot be denied that this process is helping to make the life style of some people better. However, the gap between rich and poor keeps widening. This essay’s goal is to explore and try to understand how positive/negative Globalization is. We will discuss the benefits provided by technology to the whole world. But as well, how this benefits can have a boomerang effect. We will try to identifyRead MoreRising Gap Between Rich And Poor1714 Words   |  7 Pagesstatus compared to rich people, to workers not receiving the same rights, it generates a negative outcome in most scenarios. There are many people living in the world who are classified under two categories; the ones who are wealthy and are able to afford more than enough of their needs and plenty more of their wants, and the ones who are just about surviving with their basic human necessities. There are numerous factors which are a cause of rising gap between the rich and the poor, major issues beingRead MoreThe Society Gap Between Rich And Poor912 Words   |  4 Pages The society gap between rich and poor keeps growing year after year, the rich get richer, and the poor get poorer. As Trump once said â€Å"My dad gave me a small loan for a million dollars†, that’s a small amount compared to what the poor minds think. When the poor think of a million dollars we think a future filled with great things. The rich think of it as pocket change, they will waste it on stupid, useless things. Mis-education, lack of diversity, and the gap between rich and poor are very commonRead MoreEducation Gap Between Rich And Poor929 Words   |  4 PagesIt is believed that the gap between the rich and the poor is getting better as time goes on but in fact the gap, specifically in education, is getting worse. Education Gap Between Rich and Poor Is Growing Wider is an article written by New York Times jo urnalist Eduardo Porter and the article explains how the gap between the rich and poor is deteriorating the futures of many kids. Porter talks about how race is no longer the main cause of division amongst people, social class is. This article explains

Research on the Indian Software Export Sector - 1362 Words

INTRODUCTION: My area of research will focus on the Indian software export sector. After concisely discussing the main features of the industry, will evaluate the major challenges it faces and assess its prospects for the future. To concentrate my study on the topic; I have chose to do the case study of Indian company ‘Infosys’. It was found in 1981 in Bangalore. It is one of the most appreciated and esteemed companies in India that provides technology, business consulting, engineering and outsourcing services. Only a minor share of proceeds comes from domestic sales. It is primarily an exporting firm, and one with global reach. It was first listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange in 1993 and in 1999 on the U.S based NASDAQ. The company specializes in software development and provides maintenance and independent validation facilities to companies in finance, banking, manufacturing, insurance and other fields. One of its famous products is Finacle, a complete banking solution for retail and corporate banking with different models. (Carmel Erran, 2006) As the market is expanding globally and becoming more and more competitive each day, my hypothesis is that every company needs a good marketing strategy to be successful. Increasing global trade and sales activity all across the world has heightened the significance of exporting for organizations and countries. Exporting is crucial and has numerous benefits for organizations and countries. For an organization’s growth orShow MoreRelatedWhat ´s the Information Technology Industry? Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology, such as computerhardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, e-commerce and computer service. In a business context, the Information Technology Association of America has defined informations technology as the study, designs, development, applications, implementation, support or managements of computer-based information system. The responsibilities of those working in the field include network administrations, software development and installations, andRead MoreAn Analytical Study of the Impact of Dollar-Rupee Movement on Indian Equity Market.1104 Words   |  5 PagesSYNOPSIS 1. TITLE OF THE STUDY: An analytical study of the impact of Dollar-Rupee movement on Indian equity market. 2. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY: The study is about how the Rupee appreciation or Rupee depreciation against Dollar impacts the investors in Indian equity market. The study details about the concepts of Currency fluctuations, Rupee appreciation and Rupee Depreciation. * Currency fluctuation There are mainly two ways by which currency rates are managed. Firstly, countriesRead MoreIndia s Competitive Position Of India Essay2150 Words   |  9 Pagesinternational market for IT services and software. IT enabled Services-Business Process Outsourcing. The growth in the service sector in India has been led by the IT sector and it is contributing to increase in gross domestic product (GDP). The major cities of this sector s exports are Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai, Delhi, and Mumbai. The market size of the industry is expected to rise to US $ 225 billion by 2020 considering India’s competitive position. Today IT sector leads the economic growth in termsRead MoreEvolution of Information Technology and Its Emergence in India2110 Words   |  9 Pagesits nascent stages, globally as well as from the Indian perspective. We have tried to take into account the tremendous growth of the IT sector in India and single out the advantages faced by the Indian IT sector. We have als o looked into the performance of the Indian IT industry and its derivatives. This paper gives a basic snapshot of the current Indian IT industry scenario and its growth prospects. It also mentions the challenges faced by the Indian IT industry, the role of the current big playersRead MoreComparison Between India and China on Service Sector1981 Words   |  8 PagesA COMPARITIVE STUDY ON BOOM OF SERVICE SECTOR IN INDIA AND CHINA BY, R.SRIRAM ABSRACT Service Sector in India today accounts for more than half of Indias GDP. According to data for the financial year 2011-2012, the share of services, industry, and agriculture in IndiasRead MoreThe Psychometric Properties Of Connor Davidson Resilience Scale1048 Words   |  5 PagesResilience is of great importance for individuals working in complex and instable environments. Individual Resilience is the ability of the individuals to bounce back and sustain in the facade of adverse conditions. Research revealed that resilient employees are more likely to be productive, agile and innovative during the turbulent times, thereby making it essential to have an individual centric measure of resilience. Many such instruments are available in the literature but there is no resilienceRead MoreSwot Analysis of It Industry2556 Words   |  11 PagesIndian Software Industry In 1998-99, the software industry in India was worth Rs. 158.9 billion (US$ 3.9 billion). If the value of in-house development, which is taking place at many large corporates, is added then the figure would touch around Rs. 190 billion (US$ 4.6 billion). This phenomenal growth has not been achieved overnight. The C.A.G.R (Compounded Annual Growth Rate) for the Indian software industry revenues in the last five years has been 56.3 percent. Here the C.A.G.R. for the softwareRead MoreIndi The Next Economic Superpower1540 Words   |  7 Pagesestimates for China, which stand at 6.8 and 6.3 percent for 2015 and 2016, respectively, and leaving India the fastest growing major emerging economy in the world. The IMF’s projections represent a substantial increase from the actual growth rates of the Indian economy in 2013 and 2014, when the economy grew by 5 and 5.8 percent respectively. The IMF’s World Economic Outlook projects global economic growth at 3.5 and 3.7 percent in 20 15 and 2016 respectively. India is an emerging market with a young workforceRead MoreSalient Features of Indian Economy8291 Words   |  34 Pagesâ€Å"Salient Features of Indian Economy Promotion of Foreign Investment and Business† PART-II Paradigm shift There have been fundamental and irreversible changes in the economy, government policies, outlook of business and industry, and in the mindset of the Indians in general. 1. From a shortage economy of food and foreign exchange, India has now become a surplus one. 2. From an agro based economy it has emerged as a service oriented one. 3. From the low-growth of the past, the economy has becomeRead MoreExport Assistance and Incentives3006 Words   |  13 PagesINTRODUCTION Export incentives Devices used by countries to encourage exports. These can include tax incentives for exporters, allowing them exemptions from the normal provisions of anti-monopoly legislation, preferential access to capital markets, priority Developing countries have started manufacturing industries only recently. As a result, their cost of production generally tends to be high because of the following reasons: ïÆ'Ëœ Total market availability within the country is small with the result

The Last Duel by Eric Jager Essay - 1709 Words

Story of the duel to end all duels In the story The Last Duel by Eric Jager, fourteenth century in medieval France, a knight by the name of Jean de Carrouges challenges a squire, Jacques Le Gris, to a duel. The reason for this trial by combat, a court-ordered duel intended by fate of God to determine the truth, was to seek vengeance for the sake of his own honor. The wife of Jean Carrouges was the young, beautiful, good, sensible, and modest Marguerite. She was expected to maintain a ladylike mannerism and remain loyal to her husband. When the couple traveled to Capomensil to visit Carrouges mother-in-law Marguerite stayed under her watch while Carrouges set out on a journey in desperate need of cash. While away on his journey†¦show more content†¦It wasnt possible for him to succeed in this crime alone, so he had to of had help from someone. His companion in this attack was a squire by the name of Adam Louvel, who Jacques secretly summoned after he learned of Carrouges plan to visit Paris. Louvel served unde r Carrouges in the Cotentin campaign and actually knew him well. Ironically Louvel had a house in Capomesnil, where Marguerite was staying with her mother-in-law. It is very possible that since Le Gris knew Carrouges was leaving on a journey he could have traveled to Capomesnil and stayed with Louvel until his opportunity arose when Nicole de Carrouges left the house for a short amount of time to handle business in Saint-Pierre. This is where my suspicions of Le Gris having everything planned grew because he must have known Nicole was called away to a town six miles away, and accordingly planned and timed when he would enter the home, how long it would take to complete the brutal attack, and enough time to leave and form an alibi. Jacques Le Gris was established as a man who was known for seducing women. It was rumored his approach to Marguerite was an offer of money for sex, but she did not care for his money and wouldnt submit herself to his will. This is when the encounter became physical because Le Gris was going to get what he wanted wether she liked it or not. For a woman, Marguerite fought long and strong, but with the muscle between a man

Case Studies Business and Corporate Law

Question: Discuss about theCase Studiesfor Business and Corporate Law. Answer: Issues: Is the partnership bound by Lances contract with Mighty Motors Pty Ltd? Can the partnership take action against Lance? Rules: The law, under the Partnership Act, sets out various tests on the effect of a partners relationship with outsiders on the partnership as a whole. Generally, the acts of one partner authorised to act or carrying on the usual business of the partnership bind the partnerships as a whole. The exception is where the acting partner lacks authority and the third party on whom he has undertaken a contract is aware that such authority is lacking(Gibson Fraser, 2013). As such innocent partners can be held liable where an agreement between one partner and an outsider falls through as held in Watteau v Fenwick (1893). In this case, the defendants were partners who owned a hotel together. The hotel was managed by one partner who had his name on the hotel door as well as on the hotel license. The partners had forbidden the manager from purchasing cigars on credit; however, he went ahead to purchase them from the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs later sued the partnership to recoup the price afte r they had not been paid for. The courts held that the defendants as a whole were liable as the plaintiffs were unaware of the partners lack of authority and the cigars were such as those that would be supplied and sold in a similar establishment. Additionally, there exists a fiduciary relationship between partners to act in the best interest of the partnership as a whole and each of the partners as well. This relationship was outlined in Birtchnell v Equity Trustees, Executors and Agency Co Ltd (1929) where court recognised that the existence and operations of a partnership were dependent on the mutual confidence and trust among partners. Breach of this trust or fiduciary relationship can result in termination or the relationship or a claim for damages to the extent of the said breach(Latimer, 2012). Application: In the case study provided, Lance was acting as an agent of the partnership and on its authority to purchase a vehicle. He had a duty to ensure the purchase was in the best interest of the partnership and limited to the amount stated. Lynton, the salesperson, was aware of Lances authority but was unaware of the limitation to the purchase. With this in mind, it is clear that the partnership is bound by Lances contract with Mighty Motors Pty Ltd because, in so far as Lynton was aware, Lance had the authority to make the purchase of the vehicle and as such the partnership is liable to pay the full amount agreed on. However, the partnership can file a claim for breach of fiduciary duty against Lance to recoup the amount in excess; Lances knowingly exceeded his authority and this was not in the best interests of the partnership. Conclusion: The partnership is bound by Lances contract with Mighty Motors Pty Ltd to purchase the Ute, however, it can sue Lance for breach of duty and recover the exceeding as indemnification. Issues: Do consumers have a remedy regarding the false advertisement claims of the moisturiser to slow ageing effects? Will Saqlaim be bound by the contract? Rules: According to section 29 of the Australian Consumer Law, it is an offence for a person or business in the course of trade to make any false or misleading claims on their commodities. False or misleading claims on the standard, values, grade, quality, use or any other characteristic of a product or service that would induce a party to purchase are considered unlawful. In ACCC v NuEra Health Pty Ltd (in liq) (2007) a clinic purported to be selling a system and products which it claimed could cure cancer and prolong the life of a cancer patient. These claims were false and found to be a breach of the Trade Practices Act 1974 which preceded the Australian Consumer Law s.29. The law provides for various forms of mistake that would avail contractual remedies for parties who enter into a contract with a mistaken impression of a certain aspect of the agreement(Clarke, 2010). One of these forms, although rare, is non est factum; it is established where once of the parties to the contract can prove that they were mistaken as to the nature of the agreement they signed or entered into and that this mistake is not of their fault or negligence. Illiteracy, foreign language, or visual impairment can be one of the factors relied on to prove lack of understanding(Chew, 2009). In Petelin v Cullen (1975), Petelin was identified as illiterate and had limited knowledge of the English language. Cullen convinced him to sign a document which he believed was the receipt of $50 when in fact it was an option to purchase his land. Cullen sued for specific performance but the court held that Petelin was mistaken out of no fault of his own and could rely on non est factum as a d efence. Application: Firstly, the provisions of the Australian Consumer Law, avail a remedy to consumers who were misled by the false representations of the partnership with regard to the ability of the moisturiser to slow down ageing. This misrepresentation falls under the scope of offences outlined in the act and bears a penalty on the fraudulent party. As such, aggrieved consumers can rely on this provision for recourse. Secondly, with regard to Saqlaim, the contract binds him only in so far as the partnership can prove he understood the nature of the agreement he was entering into. As per the facts provided, Saqlaim is a recent migrant with little understanding of the English language. Additionally, Lance has been described as fast-talking and charismatic. It is likely that these attributes induced Saqlaim, who understood little of what was discussed to purchase the vehicle. Saqlaim can rely on the defence of non est factum if he can prove that, based on his foreign language, he did not understand the actual nature of the agreement and that the partnership took advantage of this to sell him the car. Conclusion: Customers have a remedy in the right to sue and recover damages as compensation for fraudulent misrepresentation. Saqlaim is bound by the contract in so far as he understood the terms and conditions presented by Lance if he can prove he was mistaken as to the very nature of the contract he can rely on the defence of non est factum. Issues: Can Felix sue for the extra $ 100 promised by Xiaojing for work done on Sunday? Rules: Contract law provides the doctrine or specific performance as an equitable remedy; where a party to a contract is obligated to perform certain tasks but fails to do so, the aggrieved party can rely on this doctrine to petition the court to enforce the contract(James, 2015). This is an English common law remedy which was inherited into the Australian system and is applied by courts today. There are certain requirements that must be satisfied for a party to rely on this doctrine, firstly there must be consideration and damages would not be an adequate remedy(Finnane, 2013). It is important to note that past consideration does not suffice as good consideration(Valente, 2010). In Roscorla v Thomas (1842), the plaintiff purchased a horse from the defendant; after the purchase, the defendant promised that the horse was sound. It was discovered that the horse was in fact not sound and the plaintiff sued, it was held that there was no consideration for the promise of a sound horse; pa st consideration was not good consideration. Past consideration incorporates a promise made in gratitude after a previous service; as such this promise is essentially and expression of gratitude holds no consideration; meaning it cannot be enforced(Andrews, 2015). Application: In the case study in question, the promise of $100 from Xiaojing came after Felix had already cleared out the garden beds. As expressed by Xiaojing, he had been doing impressive work for which she took it upon herself to show gratitude. The $100 was separate to the contract agreed on to pay $25 per bag of lavender collected. As such, guided by the provisions of law above, there was no consideration from Felix with regard to this promise. As it stands, past consideration is insufficient and as such Felix cannot rely on the doctrine of specific performance so as to have Xiaojing pay him the promised $100. Xiaojings statement was only an expression of gratitude for something that had already been done and would essentially be covered under the basic contract agreed on. The promise is therefore not enforceable; Felix can only rely on specific performance where the partnership fails to pay him the $25 per bag previously agreed on. Conclusion: Felix cannot sue for the extra $100 as there is no consideration and past consideration is not good consideration. Reference List ACCC v NuEra Health Health Pty Ltd (in liq) (2007) FCA 695. Andrews, N., 2015. Contract Law. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP. Birtchnell v Equity Trustees Executors and Agency Co Ltd (1929) HCA 24. Bob Guiness Ltd v Salomonsen (1948) 1 KB 42. Chew, C. Y. C., 2009. The application of the defence of non est factum: An exploration of its limits and boundaries. UWSLR, Volume 13, pp. 83-100. Clarke, J., 2010. Mistake. [Online] Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/avoidance-mistake.html [Accessed 23 April 2017]. Finnane, E., 2013. Contract Law: a practical guide. [Online] Available at: https://www.13wentworthselbornechambers.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Finnae-2013-contractlawremedies.pdf [Accessed 23 April 2017]. Gibson, A. Fraser, D., 2013. Business Law 2014. NSW: Pearson Higher Education AU. James, L. A. M., 2015. Specific performance or rectification. [Online] Available at: https://www.kottgunn.com.au/updates/specific-performance-or-rectification/ [Accessed 23 April 2017]. Latimer, P., 2012. Australian Business Law. Sydney: CCH Australia Ltd. Petelin v Cullen (1975) 132 CLR 355. Roscorla v Thomas (1842) 3 QB 234. Valente, D., 2010. Enforcing Promises: Consideration and Intention in the Law of Contract. [Online] Available at: https://www.otago.ac.nz/law/research/journals/otago036314.pdf[Accessed 23 April 2017]. Watteau v Fenwick (1893) 1 QB 346.

Sexual Harassment and culture

Table of Contents Introduction Sexual Harassment in Schools A cultural viewpoint on sexual harassment Sexual harassment and culture Empirical-based research Conclusions References Introduction The contemporary workplace has transformed a great deal compared to a few decades ago. Both diversity and multiculturalism are now more dominant than ever before as occasioned by the impact of globalization. As a result, employers can hardly disregard the cultural-based influences brought about by other workers at the place of work.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Harassment and culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, the understanding of sexual harassment can only be vivid when explored in terms of cross-cultural dimensions. Nonetheless, it is imperative to note that the characterization of sexual harassment might be complex since its actual meaning has not been adequately comprehended even within a sing le culture (Saguy, 2003). In retrospect, sexual harassment has been a subject of debate for ages especially when elements such as human resource management are brought on board. Furthermore, the debate is not merely concentrated at a local level, it is rather widespread. The attempt to give meaning to the concept of sexual harassment is further complicated by the fact that the environment that is multicultural in nature is also put into account. There is a lot of controversy surrounding this concept when ideas from myriad of cultures are all considered. For instance, the understanding of sexual harassment in one culture may be completely different from another one, or even complement each other. What might be a norm in one culture may be a taboo in another and vice versa. Better still; values that are cherished in one culture may totally be repugnant in another one. On the same note, the way an employer will respond to sexual harassment issues arising at workplace will be dictated b y cultural elements. Hence, the process of demonstrating the impacts of visualizing sexual harassment based on cultural ideals requires shrewd consideration of certain implicit factors. For example, both workers and managers should be educated on the relevance of cultural diversity. Besides, cultural psychology should be made use especially when handling court cases that are addressing disputes emanating from sexual harassment and finally, due consideration should be made on standards and policies that are being used on different personalities, bearing in mind their cultural values. This paper explores the intrigues of sexual harassment and cultural diversity and the debate surrounding the concept.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sexual Harassment in Schools Sexual harassment can also prevail in educational institutions. The amendment of the Hong Kong’s Sex Discrimination Ordin ance (SDO) law that was adopted on 3rd October 2008 witnessed the incorporation of educational settings as one of the areas where sexual harassment offense can take place (the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 2009). According to the amendment, sexual harassment in educational institutions entails the creation of an antagonistic and threatening learning environment. The new law further specifies that the leadership of schools has the responsibility of making sure that students and the rest of the school community are co-exist in a school environment that is free of any form of sexual harassment. These guidelines have also been emphasized by the Equal Opportunity Commission (EOC) reiterating that schools should take pragmatic measures in providing a favourable atmosphere suitable for learning. According to the commission, this can be achieved by developing work contracts for employees as well as discipline code of conduct for students in written form. The sch ools should ensure that the stated rules and regulations are stated to the letter. Besides, all complaints arising from sexual harassment cases should be dealt with decisively by the school administration. A cultural viewpoint on sexual harassment As a business hub in the world, Hong Kong is an important centre for conducting international business. Most of the inhabitants of the country are people of Chinese origin. The tourist flow in and out of Hong Kong is relatively impressive throughout the twelve calendar months, qualifying the nation as an equal opportunity employer in Asia. In spite of the Chinese dominance, the cultural values and practices of Hong Kong people are distinct from the Chinese ones. The Hong Kong constitution and other by-laws are largely influenced affected by the legislation derived from its former colonizer, Britain as well as what is referred to as common law. The Sex Discrimination Ordinance (SDO) piece of legislation describes the sexual harassment law w ith respect to Hong Kong culture (Adler Towne, 2003). According to SDO, sexual harassment of whatever nature has been made a tort. Hence, whoever feels that he or she has been injured by a given act of sexual harassment is allowed to sue the offender.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Harassment and culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Hong Kong law on sexual harassment is perhaps one of the perfect examples of legislations in the world that do not only embody cultural diversity, but also applies the existing laws to the latter. However, there are still open loopholes in the implementation of the sexual harassment Act since the judiciary has been reported several times to be lax and have not proved themselves to be tantamount to the uphill task of effecting the legislation to the latter (Luo, 1996). Worse still, this piece of legislation may not be putting into consideration other diverse cultures and how they perceive sexual harassment. The legislation seems to dwell so much on the sexual injustices meted on a female person by a male offender. It is however vital to note that modern day sexual harassment offences may originate from either gender contrary to the popular belief by most conventional literatures. The Hong Kong legislation also specifies that all acts of sexual harassment are illegal not just at workplace but also in other areas. This is good enough for the country since the harassment offence is broad and several categories through which the crime can be conducted have been addressed. Nonetheless, we are yet to find clauses within the legislation that offer relevance to culture. As mentioned earlier, the SDO Act has myriad of attributes as far as the protection of sexual dignity of individuals is concerned. Nevertheless, in spite of the far-reaching description of sexual harassment as contained in the document, the law fails to cover certain areas of interest. I t is imperative to note that SDO mainly concentrates on sexual harassment outcomes emanating only from specified areas such as employment or at workplace (Dank Refinetti, 1998). Hence, some areas where sexual harassment cases can arise are not catered for. This is a serious omission in view of the fact that even before the concept of sexual harassment could be visualised; it already existed in the fragile culture. Unfortunately, the society and governments in particular seem to contemplate sexual harassment only on the basis institutions, ignoring the grim reality that family units in well established marriages also encounter the ordeal though in varying degrees. Furthermore, women are wholly protected by SDO and not their counterpart males. Therefore, the Hong Kong legislation does not cover sexual harassment cases emanating from same sex. This may be quite tricky owing to the fact that same sex relationships have never been societal norms across the globe although such unique aff airs are increasingly taking shape in the contemporary society.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In some cultures, it is definitely unacceptable to discuss same sex affairs. A mention of lesbianism or gay relationships is strictly a taboo and perhaps this is the reason why the SDO Act is not touching on it. Nonetheless, throwing a blind eye on same sex sexual harassment cases is not helpful either. The bare reality is that the society has undergone through a series of dynamic transformations and as a result, new and perhaps strange forms of sexual encounters are on board. Failure to address the need and concerns of same sex affairs is unwarranted since they too are part and parcel of the society. The third shortcoming of the Hong Kong legislation lies on the verity that the burden of proof that the plaintiff is supposed to shoulder is extremely heavy. According to the court, only an objective test is applied to ascertain the truth by the claimant on sexual harassment. This test is not straightforward and may complicate the process of seeking justice. There are multiple claims t hat have been thrown away due to the problematic nature of this test method (Kennedy Gorzalka, 2002). For instance, how can the courts rule out that a given complainant was highly responsive to physical touch and so that cannot account to sexual harassment? Or how do we justify that the claimant failed to resist sexual harassment? These are just some of the concerns on the weakness portrayed in the SDO Act that need to be amended if justice will finally be meted on the victims. It is unimaginable to see how the very judiciary entrusted with the onerous role of discharging justice failing with impunity to play their part. Moreover, judges presiding over sexual harassment cases under the SDO legislation may sometimes dismiss some of the complaints presented to them arguing that the female might have flaunted herself to an extent of being sexually harassed (Saguy, 2003). In some cases, the complainant is said to have reached a consensus at an earlier date with the wrongdoer and theref ore any allegation of sexual harassment may be ill directed. There are also instances when the courts will argue that the claimant delayed to report the incidence. All the aforementioned bases used by judges to ignore cases presented to them are serious loopholes in the Hong Kong legislation. It is quite ambiguous for the existing laws on sexual harassment to fail in terms of clarity. Sexual harassment and culture Although it may be quite cumbersome to undertake reforms in the anti sexual harassment laws or better still changing the deeply rooted attitude of offenders, there are quite a number of modalities that can be instituted in place to assist in the process of rightful interpretation and application of the law. The challenge of sexual harassment in relation to culture is enormous. In spite of this, the Asian countries and the world at large are yet to embark on a holistic perspective in resolving the challenge. It is not just enough to declare the illegality of sexual harassme nt; there are myriad of issues surrounding the offence and which require a thoughtful approach. In addition, decisions endorsed by the judiciary in regard to compensating the claimants are still not sufficient in curbing this growing societal challenge. Similarly, situations whereby complaints committees are formed to penalize offenders cannot curb this growing heinous act. The war against sexual harassment will only be won if all stakeholders are involved. We need the entire society, not just to participate but be proactive in shielding all the possible avenues of this demeaning practice (Lee, 2001). One likely explanation why the Hong Kong law on sexual harassment is not comprehensive in spite of its highly esteemed and elevated status is that the cultural view point and its significance on controlling the offence has not been factored in the current campaign against the act. We need the active and concerted effort from religious reformers, politicians and social scientists. The b road agenda should be to change the mindset of offenders rather than relying on the problematic legal process. However, this does not imply that the courts are done away with in this matter. The legislations enacted to curtail the activities of harassers should by far and large, considerate of the diverse cultures. The media is yet another powerful tool that can be used dispatch the right messages as part of changing the mentality of potential and upcoming offenders (Parish, Das Laumann, 2006). There is also the delicate balance in terms of gender equity and presentation in various commissions, equal opportunity commissions, committees that deal with complaints as well as the judiciary. No single country can adequately deal with incidents of sexual harassment without encompassing the effort from both genders. It is a common experience of males dominating most of these bodies formed to oversee sexual harassment. This is erroneous and it is also the likely point where the society div erted or lost track in the fight against sexual harassment. Women should equal players. The Sexual Harassment of Women Bill in India provides that the complaints committee dealing with sexual harassment should be headed by a female and 50% of its membership should also be made up of women (Berryman-Fink, 1997). This is a remarkable step that ensures comprehensiveness in incorporating culture and gender in solving the problem. The Hong case is also limited by the fact that the coverage of the legislation has a narrow scope in the sense that it addresses only a few situations the offence is perpetrated. It is worth noting that sexual harassment is multi-faceted and cannot be approached from a single viewpoint. Before the final verdict can be reached by the courts, thorough investigation using variety of tests is necessary. There are conspicuous uneasiness in proving an incidence of sexual harassment according to the current Hong Kong legislation. The theory that the courts are left to prove each case as objectively as possible is not welcome. This is in fact the major setback when following up cases related to sexual harassment. A better alternative to this fiasco will be to leave the claimant to shoulder the burden of proof just like other ordinary cases. The innocence of the wrongdoer should only be proved by the offender and not the courts. Further still, the Hong Kong courts do not award adequate damages to the complainant. This implies that the wrongdoer does not feel the pinching impacted of undergoing conviction and as a result, such light penalties may not deter the offender from committing the crime again. Unfortunately, the Hong Kong judges have never stuck to the letter on the direction given by anti sexual harassment legislation to advance exemplary damages. For example, much of what is awarded as damages in Hong Kong is not commensurate with the per capita income of the area which is quite high. A case look at United States reveals that when sexual harassment disputes are settled out of the court, an average sum of 300,000 US dollars is awarded to the victim. This is a lot fair and sincerely speaking, the economic culture of the region has been put into consideration before compensating the claimant. There are some other working environments that do not culturally make use of working contracts that encompass sexual harassment clause. This is due to either the ignorance of the fact that such harassment is not commonplace or employers and managers are pre-occupied with maximizing returns for their companies at the expense of employee welfare (Canary Spitzberg, 1987). Restraining sexual harassment at workplace will demand the institution of employment contracts that clearly stipulates terms and conditions of working. One of the most important elements of this agreement should be the termination of employment after due investigation of a sexual harassment case surrounding the concerned individual. Such a step will have deterrent effect on the wrongdoer. Victims who have undergone sexual harassment may develop psychological problems either at a personal or family level. Dealing with such an aftermath requires proper integration of culture. A near perfect way is the use of women organisations with counselling experts to offer guidance and counselling to the affected persons. Culturally, women are generally known to offer the best consolation compared to men. Indeed, when this natural ability is integrated with expertise knowledge, the process of recovery can really be hastened. The patriarchal norms of the society need to be reformed. There are certain standards that have run deep into the societal fabric. Unfortunately, some these norms and standards are not beneficial while they have been adopted as part and parcel of the acceptable culture. In order to uproot what is not desired, women groups are well placed to act proactively in derailing the misleading norms. In any case, there are countless instances of sexual harassment that are primarily caused by our own deteriorating norms. Women are also the best agents in championing the much needed change since they are also the group that is culturally susceptible to this form of abuse. Hence, all stakeholders involved the fight against the growing sexual harassment against women should understand that respecting, honouring and dignifying women is the highest duty. Both intensive and extensive investigations have been carried out on differences in gender in regard to sexual harassment as compared to cultural differences. Limited research studies have been conducted in this area in spite of the potential effect of culture on sexual harassment. At this juncture, it is paramount to distinguish between the component that deals with understanding culture and a hostile environment that has been subjected to an environment that is not conducive. Hence, the definition of a subjective standard for an environment that is considered hostile is necess ary. Before concluding on any particular judgment on sexual harassment it is imperative to bear in mind the cultural differences which may have influenced the wrongdoer in committing the offence. The explanation for this is simple and straightforward; the world today has become more globalised than before and the thought of hiring employees definitely brings in the issue of cultural diversity. In any one particular workplace, it is highly likely that employees will be made up of people from diverse backgrounds, subscribing unique values and standards. Therefore, diversity in culture is a phenomenon that managers and employers have to wrestle with from time to time. It is also interesting to note that all individuals have a strong personal appeal for their own original cultures. The very individuals who are also in working capacity can also identify quite well what is meant by a hostile working environment in as far as sexual abuse in concerned. Indeed, they can do this better than t heir fellow workers who are residents in a particular country simply due to the unfamiliar environment they are in. To this end, there are limited studies that only report on cases of sexual harassment that are not yet proved. This is a common feature of United States. Although we can take such studies seriously and use them for further valuation, it is still not adequate to rely on the data obtained from one country like US for a well thought out empirical study (Clair, 1993). Notwithstanding these evident weaknesses, both the existing data that is also readily available that attempt to compare various cultures within their original locations can be used as an eye opener in understanding how differences in culture and sexual harassment compare and contrast. There are countries that are patriarchal in nature whereby not many women are employed in occupations dominated by males. In such countries, conducting research study on sexual harassment is not accepted since it can endanger th e career of respondents (Lott, Reilly Howard, 2002). Even in the event that we have to generalize on some ideas due to lack of sufficient data, it is still not easy; the process is quite cumbersome. Empirical-based research Brazil, a South American country, is well endowed both politically and economically. By 1988, the country had already enshrined gender equality in its constitutional document. Another law enacted in 1991 illegalised all forms of sexual harassment (Adler Towne, 2003). It is interesting to learn that recent research surveys conducted in the North and South American college students revealed quite an astounding disparity. The cross-cultural research concluded that the Brazilian concept of sexual harassment is unique compared to North American definition in spite of the fact that no difference exist between the students in the north and south. From the study, it was evident that students originating from German, Australia and most countries in North America were hi ghly likely to link sexual harassment with discriminating against gender, abuse of power as well as other harmful societal practices. According to these students, the aforementioned factors are the likely causes of sexual harassment. On the contrary, college students from Brazil were highly likely to comprehend or link sexual harassment to demanding for sex without mutual consent from both partners or seeking romance from unwilling partner. There was nothing to do with power abuse or gender inequity at all in their perception. The study of sexual harassment cases is done in a different way in Europe compared to countries in South America. As a result, it becomes quite difficult to draw vivid comparisons. Nevertheless, there are noticeable similarities with those results obtained from US. Incidences in northern European countries are reported more than those in the south. This can be explained from the fact incidences of sexual harassment are more pronounced in the north than the sou th (Dodd, 1998). In spite of such brilliant reporting, the society should develop a culture of even reporting whether such cases are prevalent or not. By so doing, the immediate community will be adequately educated and be made aware of this societal ill-act. In the southern European countries, researchers have unanimously concluded that the tradition of the church as well as family values have been found to shape behavioural patterns of the society. Hence, the southerner’s culture is heavily shaped by the two factors. The case of Russia is rather unique. The laws of the country regarding sexual harassment are rather dormant and hardly enforced. In some cases, the legal process of apprehending offenders is not followed at all. Thus, a culture of ignorance has been cultivated for long leading to both poor reporting of the same as well as lack of concern and compensation for complainants. The Russian women have had to bear the brunt of this don’t-care attitude. Additiona lly, the Europeans tend to conceptualize sexual harassment in variety of ways even in those regions which average almost the same in terms of responding to the offence. The doctrines of ordered liberty and cultural defence In all the cases examined above, it is evident that variance in culture plays a significant role in either reporting or dealing with incidences of sexual harassment. In most researches carried out, communication breakdown has been cited as a serious loophole in an attempt to deal conclusively with this form of crime (Landy Conte, 2010). Further, the distortion of information by either the complainant or perpetrator of the crime is a major setback. These are also values that are socially and culturally derived. Policy makers and law enforcers alike should come to the understanding that in order to address the missing link in trying the perpetrators of sexual harassment, language which is part and parcel of culture is significant. For instance, an utterance in one language translated in another language might transform into a verbal sexual harassment and therefore influence the final outcome of the case. Different ethnic groups have their own way of understanding, interpreting or even evaluating verbal cues. An interesting example is that derived from the Malaysian community. This group perceive a touch on another person’s shoulder to be tantamount to sexual harassment. The same action might imply nothing close to harassment in other cultures such as the American society. This is the point where law enforcers handling multi-ethnic cases should not only be keen non cultural differences but also critically evaluate each sexual harassment incidence brought to them before giving their final verdict. Moreover, cultural sensitivity across the wide ethnic divide cannot be ignored. A case study of the Caucasian community reveals that commenting that someone appears sexy is sexual harassment. The spread of globalisation will occasion more sensi tivity in the manner in which multicultural issues such as sexual harassment are handled. There are myriad of socio-economic and political issues that must have been addressed with cultural perspective in mind. The swelling number of immigrants across the globe should indeed be a wakeup call for governments and in particular the legal fraternity to prepare in handling multi-cultural issues that are embedded from diverse backgrounds. In fact, the concept of sexual harassment is in itself facing cultural collision n different parts of the world especially when more than one ethnic group is entangled in the case. Both the civic tradition and con conventional legal practices should embrace change by putting into consideration the values and beliefs of other cultures (Limpaphayom, Williams Fadil, 2006). In any case, sexual harassment incidences as perceived by different cultures is fast becoming a global problem due to ignorance of the issue and in some cases static legal practices by t he judiciary which do not conform to the divergent cultures. A look at the American law reveals that there has been growing tension between the need to harmonise culture and tolerating other global cultures. However, a civilised society should always endeavour to accommodate opposing views and perhaps work harder to improve them instead of discarding them into pieces (Brase Miller, 2001). Instead, any other global society should apply the principle of ordered liberty. According to this principle, different cultures should be accommodated in what is generally referred to as cultural pluralism. However, this can only be effective if it is applied within the confines that can be endured by the majority. This does not imply that personal liberty cannot be applied. The main requirement should be such that whatever liberty is in force, it should not contravene social order, peaceful co-existence or conventions that the majority can tolerate with much ease (Neher, 1997). Although this doc trine appears appealing, it has been challenged by the left wing multiculturalists. According to the argument put forward by this group, each cultural group should pursue its own unique traditions, values and practices even if it does not fall within the boundaries of the majority. This may be quite erroneous bearing in mind that the will of the majority matters a lot. In fact, contemporary governments have been built successfully based on democratic force where the majority vote carries the day. How then should we dispute the glaring reality on the importance of unifying cultural values with sexual harassment in due regard of the majority? It is high time the left wingers changed their tact or better still, follow suit by embracing the doctrine of ordered liberty. The doctrine of cultural defence was in fact the creation of the left wingers. The latter should however propose the need of judging sexual harassment offenders according to their cultural backgrounds instead of the preva iling legislations. One major weakness assumption of the culture defence doctrine is that it is only sensitive to one culture thereby disregarding the interests of other ethnic groups. In line with this, there are some legal scholars who argue that the cultural situation of the defendant should be permitted as a mitigating element when judgment is being offered. This may sound appealing but there are underlying assumptions that should be keenly scrutinized (Itzen Newman, 2003). The cultural defence doctrine proposes that the cultural background of the offender can be used for purposes of defending a criminal offence on sexual harassment. However, rarely has it been applied as a defence mechanism in court hearings. The missing link remains to be lack of its application despite of the fact that both doctrines have been used multiple times when reporting cases related to sexual harassment. Well, it is quite vivid that there are some cultures that are more rigid than others and above a ll extremely sensitive on matters of sexuality. Worst of all, cases revolving around sexual harassment may never be given a ‘considerate’ hearing, by perhaps applying the principle of ordered liberty (DeFrancisco Palczewski, 2007). In the event that there is a gross cultural difference between the complainant and the victim, it is appropriate to make referral to such cases to the country of origin of the wrongdoer. This is especially necessary if no consensus can be reached between the two parties out-of-court or the existing laws are strictly applied as outlined in the clauses. It is vital to reiterate the various challenges inherent in the application of cultural defence when resolving sexual harassment disputes in courts. Firstly, the purported wrongdoers from other countries do not receive fair share of the justice process since there is eminent disparity in the standards being used to discharge justice. Both the plaintiff and the defendant should be treated on a c ommon legal platform regardless of the cultural background (Berdahl, Magley Waldo, 1996). Secondly, the cultural defence doctrine is a healthy ground for breeding cultural stereotyping from minority groups. Rather than the doctrine solving the conflict, it widens the divide between or among different cultures living in one country (Chae, 2007). Consequently, the smaller cultural groups are adversely alienated. Third, the doctrine markedly fails to promote the women and children’s rights. This is owing to the reinforcement of patriarchal cultural norms that are repugnant or ignorant of the welfare of sensitive groups. Sincerely speaking, when women and children are removed from the societal equation, it will be a recipe for social stratification and disintegration. Why then should we depreciate their worth at the pretext of defending culture when handling incidences of sexual harassment? Fourth, the victims do not secure their rightful justice when the offender belongs to a d ifferent culture. This is even worse considering the fact that the victim cannot make any referral or appeal the case against the defendant from the same country. Furthermore, the deterrent value that is supposed to be attached to punishment is limited especially when cultural cues are incorporated as part and parcel of mitigating for the case at hand. As a consequence, the accused may not see the sense in the entire verdict of the presiding jury and is more likely to repeat the offence with impunity within a foreseeable future. Finally, the doctrine of cultural defence sometimes fail to acknowledge the grim reality that the justice system equally permits the integration of cultural background as a mitigating factor when delivering judgments and therefore the defendant still has the right to plead for reducing the judgment instead of receiving the full sentence. Notwithstanding these limitations of cultural defence, proponents of this doctrine persist that it is only the application of this principle that individualized justice and fair rule can be enhanced. They continue to debate that there is no other better way of advancing cultural pluralism apart from applying the doctrine to the letter. Besides, the advocates of this principle maintain that the mind of the wrongdoers when committing the alleged crime can be ascertained in a better way only through the doctrine of cultural defence. Although the proponents of this unfavourable doctrine are quite outspoken on why they support it, there are notable assumptions that might result in grievous consequences if they are not addressed. It is conspicuous that the doctrine of ordered liberty has no constrictions in its application. It has no need to be backed up with mountain of explanations on why it is acceptable. It is also a live example on how multicultural conflicts such as those arising from sexual harassment can be resolved in a fair and justified manner. Moreover, proponents of the doctrine of cultural defe nce should rise to the occasion and understand the fact that there is no higher duty than giving due respect to all the diverse cultures across the globe especially when handling disputes cutting across cultures. Yet again, the doctrine of ordered liberty can indeed support the viewpoint that the concept of sexual harassment can be elaborated and discussed along culturally acknowledged practices provided that the very application does not supersede the generally accepted norms of the society. Common knowledge per se cannot be adequate in quantifying sexual harassment cases. This is almost similar to the Hong Kong SDO legislation that employs certain objective tests in determining the validity of sexual harassment cases presented to the courts. Common knowledge is uniform or standard to all users and therefore its application might be significantly different. For this reason, the much desired greater accuracy cannot be obtained. Let us consider this scenario. It is common knowledge a nd general perception that those who are powerfully superior at workplace often instigate sexual harassment to their subordinate victims. In contrast, evidence-based research has conclusively established that a higher percentage of sexual harassment incidences are prevalent among peers or colleagues. Another observation has been empirically obtained notes that individuals who have never gone through sexual harassment in the past are highly likely to point an accusing finger to the purported victim. Unfortunately, common perception may not bring this on board, limiting the justice process further (Adler Towne, 2003). In yet another empirically researched report, the length of time a complainant will endure sexual advances before eventually filing a case is paramount. Common knowledge may not consider this as an important parameter when passing judgments on offenders, let alone the cultural background. Conclusions Sexual harassment and culture are two different concepts yet interlink ed and inseparable. The societal impacts brought about by the influence of globalisation cannot be overstated; it is all evident in our day to day lives. When we mention diversity, multiple cultural backgrounds also come into play. This form of harassment is mostly common at workplaces although the vice can permeate other domains in the society such as family set ups and institutions. Hence, employers and managers can no longer ignore the significance of cultural diversity when hiring workers. To this end, it worth to note that the concept of sexual harassment is quite complex especially when the process of seeking justice is encompassed. As clearly as it stands, sexual harassment is a criminal offence although culture is very instrumental in fully defining the concept. This implies that the derived meaning of the concept may be as diverse as the existing traditions and cultural values among different ethnic groups. Empirical-based research studies conducted on sexual harassment and culture from different locations in the world reveals it all. While touching the shoulder of a woman whom one is not intimately related with may be considered sexual harassment among some of the Caucasian ethnic groups, the very act may simply be interpreted as a way of seeking attention in the American society. Such variance in culture and perception indeed calls for the application of ordered liberty doctrine that attempts to address and account for cultural differences when passing judgments on wrongdoers. Needless to say, the doctrine of cultural defence is by far and large a bitter pill to swallow since it largely overlooks other cultures when delivering judgments and sentencing defenders. As globalisation continues to take its toll on our traditional systems and structures, we should equally be compatible with the changing times. Moreover, proponents of the latter doctrine should reconsider their stand and allow multi-cultural approach to incidences surrounding sexual harassm ent. References Adler, R. B. Towne, N. (2003). Looking out, looking in. 10th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth/Thomson. Berdahl, J. L., Magley, V. J., Waldo, C. R. (1996). The sexual harassment of men? Exploring the concept with theory and data. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20: 527-547. Berryman-Fink, C. (1997). Gender issues: Management style, mobility, and harassment. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Brase, G. L., Miller, R. L. (2001). Differences in the perception of and reasoning about quid pro quo sexual harassment. Psychology, Evolution Gender. 3 (3): 241-264. Canary, D. J., Spitzberg, B. H. (1987). Appropriateness and effectiveness perceptions of conflict strategies. Human Communication Research,14(93): 118. Chae, Y. K. (2007). Cross-Cultural Differences between Korean and America College Students’ Perceptions of Sexual Harassment in Conversational Appropriateness. Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_1?::::: Clair, R. P. (1993). The Use of framing devices to sequester organ izational narratives: Hegemony and sexual harassment. Communication Monographs, 60: 113-36. Dank, M.B. Refinetti, R. (1998). Sexual harassment and sexual consent. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. DeFrancisco, V. P., Palczewski, C. H. (2007). Communicating gender diversity: A critical approach. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. Dodd, C. H. (1998). Dynamics of intercultural communication. 5th Edition. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. Itzen, C. Newman, J. (2003). Gender, Culture and Organizational Change: Putting Theory Into Practice. Oxon: Routledge. Kennedy, M. A., Gorzalka B. B. (2002). Asian and non-Asian attitudes toward rape, sexual harassment, and sexuality. Sex Roles, 46 (7/8): 227-238. Landy, J.F Conte, M.J. (2010). Work in the 21st Century: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology. California: Wiley-Blackwell. Lee, J. H. (2001). Women workers under the double burden of unstable employment and gender discrimination. Working Women, 26 (10): 25-38. Limpaphay om, W. L., Williams, R. J., Fadil, P. A. (2006). Perceived differences in sexual harassment between business school students in the US and Thailand. Cross Cultural Management. An International Journal, 13(1): 3242. Lott, B., Reilly, M. E. Howard, D. R. (2002). Sexual assault and harassment: A campus community case study Signs. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 8: 296-319. Luo, T. Y. (1996). Sexual harassment in the Chinese workplace: Attitudes toward and experiences of sexual harassment among workers in Taiwan. Violence Against Women, 2 (3): 284-301 Neher, W. W. (1997). Framing and sexual harassment. Organizational communication: Challenges of change, diversity, and continuity. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Parish, W. L., Das, A., Laumann, E. O. (2006). Sexual harassment of women in Urban China. Arch Sex Behavior, 35: 411-425. Saguy, C.A. (2003). What is sexual harassment? From Capitol Hill to the Sorbonne, Los Angeles: University of California Press. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (2009). Brief Outline of a school policy. Web. This essay on Sexual Harassment and culture was written and submitted by user Moises R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biography of Anna Comnena, the First Female Historian

Biography of Anna Comnena, the First Female Historian Byzantine Princess Anna Comnena (Dec. 1 or 2, 1083–1153) was the first woman known to personally record historical events as a historian.  She also was a political figure who attempted to influence royal succession in the Byzantine Empire. In addition to The Alexiad, her 15-volume history on her fathers reign and related events, she wrote on medicine and ran a hospital and is sometimes identified as a physician. Fast Facts: Anna Comnena Known For: First female historianAlso Known As: Anna Komnene, Anna Komnena, Anna of ByzantiumBorn: Dec. 1 or 2, 1083 in Constantinople, Byzantine EmpireParents: Emperor Alexius I Comnenus, Irene DucasDied: 1153 in Constantinople, Byzantine EmpirePublished Work: The AlexiadSpouse: Nicephorus Bryennius Early Life and Education Anna Comnena was born on Dec. 1 or 2, 1083, in Constantinople, which was then the capital city of the Byzantine Empire and later of the Latin and Ottoman empires and finally of Turkey. It has been called Istanbul since the early 20th century. Her mother was Irene Ducas and her father was the Emperor Alexius I Comnenus, who ruled from 1081 to 1118. She was the eldest of her fathers children, born in Constantinople just a few years after he took over the throne as emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire by seizing it from Nicephorus III. Anna seems to have been a favorite of her father. She was betrothed at a young age to Constantine Ducas, a cousin on her mothers side and a son of Michael VII, the predecessor to Nicephorus III, and Maria Alania. She was then placed under Maria Alanias care, a common practice of the time. The young Constantine was named a co-emperor and was expected to be heir to Alexius I, who at that time had no sons. When Annas brother John was born, Constantine no longer had a claim on the throne. He died before the marriage could take place. As with some other medieval Byzantine royal women, Comnena was well-educated. She studied the classics, philosophy, music, science, and mathematics. Her studies included astronomy and medicine, topics about which she wrote later in her life.  As a royal daughter, she also studied military strategy, history, and geography. Although she credits her parents with being supportive of her education, her contemporary, Georgias Tornikes, said at her funeral that shed had to study ancient poetry- including The Odyssey- surreptitiously, as her parents disapproved of her reading about polytheism. Marriage In 1097 at the age of 14, Comnena married Nicephorus Bryennius, who was also a historian.  They had four children together in their 40 years of marriage. Bryennius had some claim to the throne as a statesman and general, and Comnena joined her mother, the Empress Irene, in a vain attempt to persuade her father to disinherit her brother, John, and replace him in the line of succession with Bryennius. Alexius appointed Comnena to head a 10,000-bed hospital and orphanage in Constantinople. She taught medicine there and at other hospitals and developed expertise on gout, an illness from which her father suffered. Later, when her father was dying, Comnena used her medical knowledge to choose from among the possible treatments for him. He died despite her efforts in 1118, and her brother John became emperor, John II Comnenus. Succession Plots After her brother was on the throne, Comnena and her mother plotted to overthrow him and to replace him with Annas husband, but Bryennius apparently refused to take part in the plot. Their plans were discovered and thwarted, Anna and her husband had to leave the court, and Anna lost her estates. When Comnenas husband died in 1137, she and her mother were sent to live in the convent of Kecharitomene, which Irene had founded.  The convent was devoted to learning, and there, at age 55, Comnena began serious work on the book for which she will long be remembered. The Alexiad A historical account of her fathers life and reign that her late husband had begun, The Alexiad totaled 15 volumes when it was completed and was written in Greek rather than in Latin, the spoken language of her place and time. In addition to recounting her fathers accomplishments, the book became a valuable source to later historians as a pro-Byzantine account of the early Crusades. While the book was written to praise Alexius accomplishments, Annas place at court for most of the period it covered made it more than that. She had been privy to details that were unusually accurate for histories of the time period. She wrote about the military, religious, and political aspects of history and was skeptical of the value of the Latin churchs First Crusade, which occurred during her fathers reign. She also wrote of her isolation at the convent and of her disgust with her husbands unwillingness to carry through with the plot that would have put him on the throne, noting that perhaps their genders should have been reversed. Legacy In addition to recounting her fathers reign, the book describes religious and intellectual activities within the empire and reflects the Byzantine  concept  of the imperial office. It also is a valuable account of the early Crusades, including character sketches of the First Crusades leaders and of others with whom Anna had direct contact. Comnena also wrote in The Alexiad about medicine and astronomy, demonstrating her considerable knowledge of science. She included references to the accomplishments of a number of women, including her influential grandmother Anna Dalassena. The Alexiad  was first translated into English in 1928 by another pioneering woman, Elizabeth Dawes, a  British classical scholar and the first woman to receive a doctorate in literature from the University of London. Sources Anna Comnena: Byzantine Princess. Encyclopedia Britannica.Anna Comnena: Byzantine Historian of the First Crusade. Women in World History Curriculum.

Nutrition project 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nutrition project 2 - Essay Example Write a brief (one-page) summary of your interview. Pay a visit to your favorite fast food restaurant. Ask an employee to provide you with nutritional data on the meal you most commonly order there. Most national fast-food chains make this information available to customers. If it is not available in person, use your Internet access and look online. Some fast food restaurants make this information available on their websites (for example, McDonald’s or Burger King). If it is not available, ask at the restaurant for precise ingredients and serving sizes, and use Appendix A in your textbook to figure out the nutrient profiles yourself. What is the serving size for each item? How many calories in each? How much total fat is in your favorite meal? How much saturated fat is in each item? trans fat? Assume that you consume an average of 2,000 kcal a day. What percentage of your recommended daily fat intake is provided by this single meal? What percentage of your total energy? Go to your local grocery store or health food store and check out the labels of three different brands of â€Å"protein bars.† Try to find similar flavors for each brand (e.g., chocolate, lemon, etc.). For each item, document: Make a chart comparing your findings. Based on your data, rate the bars from most to least nutritious, and provide the rationale for your rating. Finally, calculate the average price of a protein bar. How much protein are you getting for your money? How does this compare with the cost of other â€Å"portable† sources of protein, such as yogurt, prepackaged cheese and crackers, or a peanut butter sandwich? I interviewed a middle-aged lady friend who suffers from Type II Diabetes. She was first diagnosed with the condition three years ago. She found out about her condition after visiting her family doctor following recurrent bouts of feeling sickly. During her check-ups, the doctor tested her blood sugar levels that were high. At first, the diagnosis was

Tax Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tax Planning - Essay Example Tax avoidance is the process of planning business transactions in a manner that legally minimizes the amount of taxes due. The four maxims of tax planning are built around the premises of helping businesses work around tax liabilities. 1) Businesses turn over profits to entities that fall within lower tax rates. Reducing tax liabilities can be accomplished through both shifting income to lower-tax rate entities and shifting deductions to higher-tax rate entities. 2) Shift taxable income to a later time period as, in present value terms, tax costs decrease and cash flows increase when the liability is deferred to a later taxable year. This should be done taking into consideration the opportunity costs involved due to shifting income to another year as well as the possibility of tax rate changes in the following year. 3) Due to the differences in state and country laws, it is possible to gain tax advantage by shifting income to a lower-rate tax jurisdiction. This opens up planning oppo rtunities of tax planning for companies which have global presence. 4) By shifting income from business activities to more tax-favored instruments like government bonds, companies can take advantage of preferential tax rates. Businesses, therefore, arrange transactions in such a way that income is shifted to heads which are subject to preferential tax rates. Tax planning thus requires the researcher to consider all fields of income generation and the entity, jurisdiction, time and character of income. An important aspect of tax planning is tax research. Tax research is required to determine the tax consequences of a transaction, either before or after the transaction is done. In case of a closed-fact transaction, the facts surrounding the transaction are recorded and hence, can no longer be subject to the client's control. Conversely, an open-fact transaction is one which the business is proposing to undertake and hence is subject to the client's control. In such cases, a tax adviser can help create facts to support the transaction that will help them influence the tax consequences of that transaction. The role of the tax researcher is to determine the optimal business decisions that its client firm should make, as they relate to tax. When the tax consequences for a firm differ among decision alternatives, tax researchers help to identify the most optimal course of action for management to make in order to maximize their after-tax income. Tax research is a six step process that encompasses all activities required by a researcher to understand the transaction and gather data to support it. The first step involves a thorough understanding of the business transaction and the facts surrounding it. It is important for a tax researcher to acquaint himself with the non-tax features of the transaction before moving onto the tax implications. Once the researcher is done analyzing the non-tax features of the transaction; he moves onto the second step, which is identifying the tax issues suggested by the transaction. The identification of issues lead to formulation of tax research questions. The third step involves the most important component of tax research, which is locating the relevant authority to

Travels by Joseph Zere Essay Example for Free

Travels by Joseph Zere Essay My first example of satire is in Lilliput when Gulliver was invited to a entertainment feast. But when Gulliver arrives at the feast, he gradually discovers that its not only an entertainment feast, but it is an job applicants who will dance on the tight rope. Who ever dance the highest on the tight rope will get a very good job. This is absurd because to get a good pay job, you need to have qualifications, familiarity and the experience to do the job. I know of all this, because in page 32 it says when a great office is vacant by either dead or disgrace, 5 or 6 candidates petition the emperor to entertain his majesty and the court with a dance on the rope, and whoever jumps the highest without falling succeeds in the office. This is not fair, because you need to be educated, not be a good dancer. So Jonathan Swift is translating it based to London, he is trying to put out that you dont need merit to get a well-paid job; you could get it for daft reasons. Like if you had friends in power, through favouritism, so getting a job wasnt based on merit, it was based on silly, childish ways. In fact people at the time (18th century) were incompetent people and didnt know how to their jobs, especially in politics. Jobs were allocated on the ground of tradition and family. Luckily and rightfully civil exams came in, and it was a big change, but at the time Swift wrote this book, there was nothing stopping a mental man getting a well-paid job. The issue that Swift is satirising is the ineptitude of a ruling class who value dancing more greatly than education. He is also attacking the class structure of Britain. Swift suggests the solution would be to create a society were people rose on merit. To modern readers the satire may seem rather indirect. We might feel that he is not confronting the issue. However we should remember that there was a very strong royalist feeling and class prejudice at the time Swift wrote. There was also active censorship. In order to get his message across at all, Swift had to be tortuous. He had to make his meaning a little indistinguishable. This satire is as effective as it could be if we consider the time Swift wrote. At first the story honestly struck me as rather silly like a childs fairytale. However I quickly started thinking about the message. That it is still very important today. If we consider how money buys education in Britain we might think that it is still wealthy people who dance prettily. Who get to the top. Swifts satire was of great magnitude in the 18th century. That is why he has to make his meaning a little unclear. Yet what he said is still important today. My second example of satire was when Gulliver was invited to an entertainment feast yet again. However Gulliver arrives at the feast, he realises that it is a reward scheme, for the emperor to give rewards to people ( blue, red, green). To get rewards you had to jump over a stick, which the emperor held out for you. This is absolute madness, a reward should be given out who worked hard and deserved it, not jump over a wooden stick. I know of this case it quotes the emperor lays on the table three fine silken threads of six inches long. One is blue, the other red and the third green. To receive this it says the emperor holds a stick in his hands, both ends parallel to the horizon, while the candidates, advancing one by one, sometime leap over the stick, sometimes creep under it backwards and forward several times, according as the stick is advanced or depressed. Swift is satirising that people in Britain got their jobs by creeping. This satire is aimed at the kings court. The first satire concerned jobs. This one concerns influential positions at court- and you see a few great persons about this court who are not adorned with one of these girdles. In the 18th century many people like Swift felt that the kings court was too important and too corrupt. They felt that people rose through the court on how well they crept to the king. The positions at court were also very important. Many of the people who governed the country and who ran the army and the navy were appointed by the king. Swift and others felt that such important positions should be given out according to merit. They also felt that the government of the country should come from elected MPs rather than creeps at the kings court. The satire works in many ways. One way is the gap between the ridiculous things being described and the very formal and technical language that Swift uses to describe them. The candidates are to undergo a trial of dexterity very different from the former. The use of formal words like a trial of dexterity is amusing when it is applied to something so stupid. This gap between ridiculous action and a very high tone is something that humorous and satirical writers use a lot. Another similar technique, which I find very effective, is the way Swift includes lots of detail about actions that are meaningless. One example would be the detail, the emperor lays on the table three fine silken threads of six inches long. One is blue, the other red and the third green. Readers are used to hearing this kind of technical detail applied to serious things like engineering, so they find it amusing when these phrases are used to describe madness. The best satirists such as Swift have the imagination to came up with crazy situations and they have the control if language and tone to put this into kind if language people would expect to hear speaking about serious things. The solution that Swift seems to suggest is that the King should not be in charge of appointing people to important positions. He also suggests that in England the Prime Minister is to close to the king and is also corrupt. It is noticeable the emperor and the first minister share the holding of the stick. Swift suggests that Prime Minister should be separate from the king and that important jobs should be given out elected people in parliament.

Aristophanes and Homoeroticism: Admiration or Scorn? :: Aristophanes Homoeroticism Papers

In reading the comedies of Aristophanes, modern readers are able to catch a rich glimpse of the gender norms and expectations of his time. Visions of power-hungry, crafty women and bumbling, foolish men pervade his plays and reveal ancient Greek views and stereotypes regarding male and female roles. One of the more complicated concepts to grasp, however, is Aristophanes’ true sentiment regarding homosexual love and practice. The aim of this paper is to compare Aristophanes’ presentation of homoeroticism in The Women at the Thesmophoria to that of his speech in Plato’s Symposium and attempt to clarify the playwright’s stance on the matter. In these two works, Aristophanes offers a mix of mocking and approving sentiments oh homosexual men and the practice of homosexuality itself. As he is a comedian, Aristophanes immerses his characters in satire in order to gain laughs from the audience; by looking carefully at the texts, we can see he does not actually see homoeroticism as an institution to be derided and ridiculed. To begin, an examination of The Women at the Thesmophoria can provide valuable insights into the prevailing culture’s notion of homosexual relations. Just before Euripides and the Kinsman reached Agathon’s house, they discussed the poet briefly: Euripides: There is an Agathon †¦ Kinsman: You mean the suntanned one, strong guy? Euripides: No, a different one. You’ve never seen him? Kinsman: The one with the full beard? Euripides: You’ve never seen him? Kinsman: By Zeus, never, as far as I can recall. Euripides: Well, you must have fucked him, though you might not know it (38-45). This exchange, which foreshadowed the entrance of Agathon, provides us with a clear idea of how a man ought to look: tan, strong, and bearded. The joke here is that Agathon was by no means a masculine man, as proven by Euripides’ last comment, which solidifies Agathon’s effeminacy by stating he prefers a passive sexual position. While the statement may apparently show disdain for homosexual acts in general, it actually emphasizes the lack of manliness only in taking the passive homosexual position. Aristophanes and Homoeroticism: Admiration or Scorn? :: Aristophanes Homoeroticism Papers In reading the comedies of Aristophanes, modern readers are able to catch a rich glimpse of the gender norms and expectations of his time. Visions of power-hungry, crafty women and bumbling, foolish men pervade his plays and reveal ancient Greek views and stereotypes regarding male and female roles. One of the more complicated concepts to grasp, however, is Aristophanes’ true sentiment regarding homosexual love and practice. The aim of this paper is to compare Aristophanes’ presentation of homoeroticism in The Women at the Thesmophoria to that of his speech in Plato’s Symposium and attempt to clarify the playwright’s stance on the matter. In these two works, Aristophanes offers a mix of mocking and approving sentiments oh homosexual men and the practice of homosexuality itself. As he is a comedian, Aristophanes immerses his characters in satire in order to gain laughs from the audience; by looking carefully at the texts, we can see he does not actually see homoeroticism as an institution to be derided and ridiculed. To begin, an examination of The Women at the Thesmophoria can provide valuable insights into the prevailing culture’s notion of homosexual relations. Just before Euripides and the Kinsman reached Agathon’s house, they discussed the poet briefly: Euripides: There is an Agathon †¦ Kinsman: You mean the suntanned one, strong guy? Euripides: No, a different one. You’ve never seen him? Kinsman: The one with the full beard? Euripides: You’ve never seen him? Kinsman: By Zeus, never, as far as I can recall. Euripides: Well, you must have fucked him, though you might not know it (38-45). This exchange, which foreshadowed the entrance of Agathon, provides us with a clear idea of how a man ought to look: tan, strong, and bearded. The joke here is that Agathon was by no means a masculine man, as proven by Euripides’ last comment, which solidifies Agathon’s effeminacy by stating he prefers a passive sexual position. While the statement may apparently show disdain for homosexual acts in general, it actually emphasizes the lack of manliness only in taking the passive homosexual position.